Table of Contents
Overview
Importance of Physical Activity for Health and Well-Being
Regular physical activity is crucial for maintaining both physical and mental health. It involves any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure, including activities during leisure, transportation, and work-related tasks.[2.1] Engaging in regular exercise enhances overall well-being by alleviating stress, anxiety, depression, and anger.[1.1] Conversely, insufficient physical activity can lead to decreased strength, stamina, and bodily function, increasing the risk of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and other adverse health outcomes.[2.1] Physical activity benefits individuals of all ages, sexes, and physical abilities. It aids in weight control by preventing excess weight gain and supporting weight loss.[3.1] Additionally, it plays a significant role in preventing and managing health issues such as cardiovascular disease and stroke.[3.1] Aerobic exercise, which involves sustained rhythmic activity using large muscle groups, is particularly beneficial for cardiovascular health by strengthening the heart and lungs.[7.1] Both aerobic and anaerobic exercises contribute positively to cardiovascular health, emphasizing the importance of a varied fitness regimen.[8.1] Overall, regular physical activity is a powerful strategy for improving health outcomes and enhancing quality of life. Moreover, physical activity positively influences brain chemistry and mood regulation. It boosts the production of hormones that promote happiness and improve sleep quality, which is vital for cognitive function and mental health.[14.1] Regular engagement in physical activity is associated with reduced symptoms of depression and anxiety, underscoring its importance for mental well-being.[14.1]History
Evolution of Physical Activity Recommendations
In recent years, the evolution of physical activity recommendations has been significantly influenced by emerging research and public health initiatives aimed at combating physical inactivity. Steven Blair, a prominent researcher in the field, has characterized physical inactivity as the "biggest public health problem of the 21st Century," a sentiment echoed by reports indicating rising global rates of overweight and obesity, which contribute to increased mortality and disability.[44.1] The World Health Organization (WHO) has played a crucial role in shaping these recommendations. It currently advises that adults engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity per week. This guidance is based on findings that emphasize the potential to reduce the incidence of cancer and heart disease, as well as to enhance mental health and overall well-being through increased physical activity.[45.1] Despite these recommendations, data from 194 countries reveal that progress in implementing effective policies to promote physical activity remains slow. The WHO has urged countries to accelerate their efforts in developing and executing strategies that not only increase physical activity levels but also alleviate the burden on healthcare systems. The organization advocates for prioritizing physical activity as a fundamental component of health improvement and non-communicable disease (NCD) management, integrating it into relevant policies, and providing necessary tools and training for effective implementation.[46.1] Furthermore, a recent paper has identified three emerging areas of intervention research that could enhance physical activity levels: targeting sedentary behavior, utilizing technology-based interventions, and improving the dissemination of effective physical activity strategies.[43.1] These evolving recommendations and research areas reflect a growing recognition of the need for comprehensive approaches to address the physical inactivity pandemic and its associated health risks.Historical Perspectives on Physical Activity in Different Cultures
The historical perspectives on physical activity reveal significant cultural variations and the evolution of societal attitudes towards exercise across different civilizations. In ancient Greece and Rome, physical activities and sports were deeply intertwined with cultural values, religious practices, and social structures. The Olympic Games and gladiatorial contests, for instance, were not merely forms of entertainment but were integral to the cultural fabric of these societies, reflecting their ideals of excellence and competition.[56.1] Roman athletics, in particular, emphasized military preparation and public entertainment, showcasing a more utilitarian approach to physical fitness aimed at preparing men for war.[57.1] In contrast, the ancient Chinese civilization recognized the importance of physical activity as early as 2500-250 B.C., associating physical inactivity with poor health outcomes. Influential figures such as Confucius promoted physical activity through their teachings, highlighting its role in maintaining health and well-being.[39.1] Archaeological evidence suggests that physical exercises, such as archery and lifting, were practiced in China as far back as the Western Zhou Dynasty (c. 1066-771 B.C.), indicating a long-standing cultural appreciation for physical fitness.[59.1] The evolution of physical activity recommendations has also been shaped by historical changes in societal attitudes. The neolithic Agricultural Revolution marked a shift in lifestyle, leading to increased urbanization and specialization of occupations, which in turn prompted healers and philosophers to advocate for physical activity as a means of promoting health and longevity.[38.1] By the latter half of the 20th century, the recognition of physical inactivity as a major public health issue led to the establishment of official guidelines for physical activity in various countries, including the United States.[42.1] The beliefs and practices surrounding physical activity are significantly influenced by various cultural and contextual factors, which highlights the importance of providing culturally relevant contexts to enhance engagement in physical activity.[55.1] To effectively promote physical activity, state and local organizations can implement strategies aimed at improving community design. This includes utilizing data on health conditions and behaviors to support policies that foster activity-friendly environments.[61.1] By collaborating with partners to develop and improve plans for activity-friendly districts, communities can create supportive environments that facilitate physical activity through enhanced connectivity and accessibility to parks and transit systems.[61.1]Recent Advancements
Innovations in Promoting Physical Activity
Recent advancements in promoting physical activity have been significantly influenced by the integration of technology and innovative intervention strategies. One notable area of focus is the use of wearable health technology, which has transformed fitness and health management. Devices such as fitness trackers, smartwatches, and health monitoring gadgets allow individuals to track their physical activity, monitor vital signs, and set personal fitness goals, thereby enhancing engagement in physical activity.[84.1] These wearables provide continuous data on movement and heart rate, offering valuable insights into an individual's physical function, which can be utilized by healthcare providers to tailor interventions.[86.1] Moreover, the rise of mobile applications has emerged as a cost-effective method to reach a large audience and promote physical activity. Systematic reviews have shown that mobile app-based interventions can effectively increase physical activity levels and self-efficacy while reducing sedentary behavior.[89.1] These applications have been found to be particularly effective in the short term, with evidence supporting their ability to enhance physical activity engagement among users.[90.1] The effectiveness of these apps is often linked to their design features, user engagement strategies, and the incorporation of loyalty mechanisms to ensure long-term adherence.[88.1] In addition to mobile apps, interactive technologies such as exergaming, augmented reality, and virtual reality are being explored for their potential to promote physical activity. These technologies not only provide engaging experiences but also encourage users to participate in physical activity through gamification and social interaction.[81.1] Research has indicated that exergaming can positively impact children's physical activity and health outcomes, highlighting the importance of innovative approaches in engaging different demographics.[81.1] Furthermore, the integration of prescribed exercise programs within healthcare settings has gained traction, as evidenced by the success of initiatives like the Physical Activity Referral Scheme (PARS) in Scotland. This program connects medical professionals with community exercise providers, facilitating access to physical activity for patients with chronic conditions.[83.1] Such initiatives underscore the importance of collaboration between healthcare and community resources in promoting physical activity.Benefits Of Physical Activity
Physical Health Benefits
Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining and improving physical health. Engaging in consistent exercise can lead to significant health benefits, including the prevention of chronic diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and obesity, which are associated with a sedentary lifestyle.[124.1] The World Health Organization emphasizes that regular physical activity can reduce the risk of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and improve overall well-being, while physical inactivity increases the risk of various health issues.[124.1] Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining physical health and has numerous benefits, particularly in enhancing metabolic and cardiovascular functions. During exercise, the body's demand for oxygen and nutrients increases, which activates the sympathetic nervous system and leads to adaptations that help maintain homeostasis to meet these heightened demands.[137.1] These adaptations include changes in muscle fiber composition and function, as well as increased muscle insulin sensitivity, which are driven by the specific demands of physical activity.[137.1] Furthermore, engaging in moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity can significantly lower the risk of functional limitations, especially in middle-aged and older adults, who experience improved overall health and a reduced risk of chronic diseases.[126.1] It is recommended that adults engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate physical activity each week to achieve these health benefits and enhance their physical capabilities.[126.1] Moreover, exercise plays a vital role in weight management. It helps control weight by preventing excess weight gain and assisting in weight loss efforts.[125.1] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) notes that even moderate-intensity physical activity can yield health benefits, with recommendations suggesting at least 150 minutes of such activity per week to lower the risk of chronic diseases.[126.1] Physical activity is essential for both mental and physical health, offering a wide range of benefits that are well-documented. Regular exercise can significantly boost mood and enhance overall quality of life, making it a crucial aspect of a healthy lifestyle.[122.1] Furthermore, engaging in physical activity helps control weight and can prevent excess weight gain, thereby reducing the risk of various health issues such as obesity, diabetes, and high blood pressure.[125.1] Importantly, everyone, regardless of age, sex, or physical ability, can experience these positive effects of exercise.[125.1] For youth, participation in sports not only increases physical activity levels but also contributes to improved mental health outcomes.[122.1] Therefore, incorporating physical activity into daily routines is vital for promoting overall well-being and health.[125.1]Mental Health Benefits
Engaging in physical activity has been shown to significantly alleviate symptoms of anxiety and depression, thereby enhancing overall mental health. Research indicates that regular physical exercise can lead to a reduction in anxiety sensitivity and depressive symptoms, suggesting a protective effect against the development of mental disorders.[133.1] A study conducted by a research team at Princeton University found that physical activity reorganizes the brain, reducing its response to stress and making anxiety less likely to interfere with normal brain function.[130.1] This effect is attributed to changes in brain chemistry, particularly the modulation of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, which is depleted during chronic stress.[131.1] Moreover, even a single session of physical activity can yield immediate benefits, as it alters brain chemistry in a way that further lowers stress and anxiety levels.[132.1] The positive effects of exercise on mental health are not limited to long-term engagement; short-term aerobic exercise has also been shown to effectively reduce anxiety sensitivity.[133.1] Additionally, exercise has been found to be as effective as cognitively based distraction techniques in reducing state anxiety, while proving more effective in decreasing trait anxiety.[133.1] The benefits of physical activity extend beyond immediate anxiety relief. Regular exercise has been linked to improvements in cognitive functions such as memory and reasoning, particularly in elderly populations.[134.1] Chronic aerobic exercise is associated with structural and functional neuroplastic changes in the brain, which enhance cognitive abilities and overall well-being.[135.1] Furthermore, international guidelines for treating mental disorders increasingly advocate for the integration of physical activity into mental health care, recognizing its efficacy in treating conditions such as major depressive disorder and schizophrenia.[143.1]In this section:
Barriers To Physical Activity
Common Barriers to Engagement
Common barriers to engagement in physical activity are multifaceted and can be categorized into internal and external factors. A significant internal barrier is the lack of time, which is often cited as a primary constraint. Busy work schedules, family obligations, and other responsibilities frequently leave individuals with insufficient time or energy to engage in physical activity.[172.1] This lack of time is compounded by social influences, such as the absence of exercise partners, which can further discourage participation.[171.1] In addition to time constraints, other internal barriers include a lack of energy, willpower, and skill, as well as fear of injury.[169.1] These factors can create a psychological barrier that prevents individuals from initiating or maintaining an active lifestyle. Furthermore, external barriers such as inadequate access to recreational facilities and exercise equipment also play a critical role in limiting physical activity, particularly among middle-aged and elderly populations.[171.1] Socioeconomic status significantly influences these barriers, as individuals from low-income backgrounds may face additional challenges, including limited access to safe exercise environments and resources.[175.1] Addressing these disparities requires targeted public health strategies that focus on removing both social and personal barriers to physical activity, thereby promoting greater equity in access to fitness opportunities.[175.1] Overall, understanding and addressing these common barriers is essential for enhancing participation in physical activity across diverse demographic groups.Strategies to Overcome Barriers
To effectively address barriers to physical activity, various strategies can be implemented at both community and individual levels. One significant approach is to improve access to recreational facilities. This can be achieved by establishing joint-use agreements, partnering with local centers to extend operating hours, providing public transportation options, and exploring incentives that promote affordable or free physical activity opportunities.[182.1] Additionally, communities can enhance access to physical activity spaces by creating or improving public parks, trails, fitness centers, and recreational facilities, as well as schools and senior centers.[183.1] Community-based initiatives, such as the Grade 5 ACT-i-Pass Program, have demonstrated success in increasing physical activity among children by offering free organized and drop-in activities at participating recreational facilities throughout the school year.[184.1] Furthermore, fostering social support systems is crucial in promoting physical activity. Strategies that encourage social interactions, such as forming physical activity groups, buddy systems, and group discussions, have shown effectiveness in enhancing participation.[185.1] Social supports, including friendships and shared activities, can help individuals start, maintain, or increase their physical activity levels.[186.1] For older adults, the role of social support networks is particularly important in mitigating barriers to physical activity. Evidence suggests that social support can enhance self-efficacy, which in turn encourages increased physical activity among this demographic.[187.1] Therefore, interventions that leverage social support, tailored to the needs of older adults, are essential for fostering durable treatment effects and promoting sustained engagement in physical activity.[187.1]In this section:
Policy And Community Initiatives
National and Global Policies
National and global policies aimed at promoting physical activity are crucial for improving public health outcomes. Regular physical activity is recognized as a vital component for enhancing health, yet only 1 in 4 U.S. adults adhere to the recommended guidelines for both aerobic and muscle-strengthening activities.[208.1] To address this gap, various community initiatives have been implemented, although evidence regarding their effectiveness remains limited.[209.1] A nationally representative survey has highlighted the prevalence of policies and community designs that support physical activity, revealing significant variations based on geographic and sociodemographic factors.[210.1] For instance, while some zoning codes and design standards that facilitate physical activity have seen increased adoption, there has been a decline in shared use agreements and certain parks and outdoor recreation policies.[210.1] This indicates a need for municipalities to consider adopting comprehensive strategies, such as activity-friendly zones and Complete Streets policies, to enhance access to safe environments for physical activity across all demographics.[210.1] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has been instrumental in promoting evidence-based policies to increase physical activity since 2004, supporting thematic research networks focused on physical activity policy through the Prevention Research Centers program.[211.1] State and local organizations are encouraged to leverage data on health conditions and behaviors to inform policies that foster activity-friendly community designs.[212.1] Collaborative efforts among various stakeholders can lead to the development of plans and policies that enhance connectivity and accessibility to parks and recreational areas, ultimately creating environments that promote physical activity.[212.1]Community-Based Programs and Interventions
Community-based programs and interventions play a crucial role in promoting physical activity among children and families. Effective strategies often involve collaboration among parents, school staff, out-of-school time providers, and community members to enhance opportunities for physical activity throughout the day. Such collaborative efforts are essential for improving the learning, development, and health of children and adolescents.[214.1] Family-based interventions have been recommended by the Community Preventive Services Task Force (CPSTF) as a means to increase physical activity in children. These interventions typically combine family support activities with health education, utilizing tools for goal-setting and progress tracking, as well as organized physical activity sessions.[216.1] Additionally, providing educational resources and workshops to parents and caregivers about the importance of physical activity can further engage families and young people in fitness activities, thereby fostering a healthier community.[215.1] Community design and policy initiatives are also vital in creating environments conducive to physical activity. Municipalities that implement policies aimed at enhancing access to places for physical activity can cultivate activity-friendly environments, which not only benefit individual health but also contribute to a stronger local economy and improved air quality.[213.1] Evidence-based strategies for community design include increasing connectivity and access to bicycle, pedestrian, and transit networks, as well as improving park coverage and accessibility.[225.1] Moreover, the integration of informational outreach activities alongside environmental changes has been shown to be effective in promoting physical activity.[222.1] By leveraging data on local health conditions and behaviors, communities can tailor their policies and plans to better meet the needs of their residents, ultimately fostering long-term engagement in physical activity initiatives.[225.1]Future Directions
Emerging Trends in Physical Activity
Emerging trends in physical activity research indicate a significant shift towards utilizing longitudinal study designs to enhance the evidence base for public health guidelines concerning youth physical activity. These designs are essential for understanding the dose-response relationships and the diversity of populations involved, thereby informing future interventions and recommendations.[243.1] Additionally, the integration of technology into physical activity interventions is gaining traction, with emerging tools such as exergaming, mobile apps, and health wearables being explored for their potential to promote physical activity and improve health outcomes.[253.1] The focus on sedentary behaviors is also becoming increasingly important, as recent studies highlight the need to address these behaviors alongside traditional physical activity interventions. For instance, a meta-analysis has shown that targeted interventions can significantly reduce sedentary time among older adults, suggesting a dual approach may be necessary for effective public health strategies.[246.1] Moreover, the recognition of social determinants of health is critical in shaping future physical activity initiatives. Underserved populations, particularly racial/ethnic minorities and individuals with low socioeconomic status, face compounded barriers to physical activity participation, necessitating culturally relevant interventions that address specific community needs.[248.1] Strategies that enhance cultural relevance, such as soliciting input from community members and linking intervention content with local values, have been identified as effective in promoting physical activity among diverse populations.[249.1] Finally, the role of technology in personalizing exercise prescriptions is becoming more pronounced, with advancements in artificial intelligence offering new avenues for tailoring physical activity recommendations to individual needs.[254.1] This trend is particularly relevant in combating the obesity epidemic, as increasing enjoyment and accessibility of physical activity through technology can lead to better health outcomes and overall well-being.[255.1] As these trends continue to evolve, they will play a crucial role in shaping the future landscape of physical activity promotion and public health initiatives.In this section:
Longitudinal StudyMeta-analysisSocial Determinants Of HealthUnderserved PopulationsArtificial Intelligence
References
[1] Why Is Physical Activity So Important for Health and Well-Being? — We know that staying active is one of the best ways to keep our bodies healthy. But did you know it can also improve your overall well-being and quality of life? Here are just a few ways physical activity can help you feel better, look better and live better. Regular physical activity can relieve stress, anxiety, depression and anger. Without regular activity, your body slowly loses its strength, stamina and ability to function properly.
[2] Physical activity - World Health Organization (WHO) — Select language Donate Donate Home Health Topics All topics A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Resources Fact sheets Facts in pictures Multimedia Podcasts Publications Questions and answers Tools and toolkits Popular Dengue Endometriosis Excessive heat Herpes Mental disorders Mpox Countries All countries A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Regions Africa Americas Europe Eastern Mediterranean South-East Asia Western Pacific WHO in countries Data by country Country presence Country strengthening Country cooperation strategies Newsroom All news News releases Statements Campaigns Events Feature stories Press conferences Speeches Commentaries Photo library Headlines Emergencies Focus on Cholera Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Greater Horn of Africa Israel and occupied Palestinian territory Mpox Sudan Ukraine Latest Disease Outbreak News Situation reports Weekly Epidemiological Record WHO in emergencies Surveillance Operations Research Funding Partners Health emergency appeals International Health Regulations Independent Oversight and Advisory Committee Data Data at WHO Data hub Global Health Estimates Mortality Health inequality Dashboards Triple Billion Progress Health Inequality Monitor Delivery for impact COVID-19 dashboard Data collection Classifications SCORE Surveys Civil registration and vital statistics Routine health information systems Harmonized health facility assessment GIS centre for health Reports World Health Statistics UHC global monitoring report About WHO About WHO Partnerships Committees and advisory groups Collaborating centres Technical teams Organizational structure Who we are Our work Activities Initiatives General Programme of Work WHO Academy Funding Investment in WHO WHO Foundation Accountability External audit Financial statements Internal audit and investigations Programme Budget Results reports Governance Governing bodies World Health Assembly Executive Board Member States Portal Home/ Newsroom/ Fact sheets/ Detail/ Physical activity Physical activity 26 June 2024 Key facts Regular physical activity provides significant physical and mental health benefits. Overview WHO defines physical activity as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure. Physical activity refers to all movement including during leisure time, for transport to get to and from places, or as part of a person’s work or domestic activities. Physical activity is beneficial to health and well-being and conversely, physical inactivity increases risk for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and other poor health outcomes. People who are insufficiently active have a 20% to 30% increased risk of death compared to people who are sufficiently active.
[3] Exercise: 7 benefits of regular physical activity - Mayo Clinic — From boosting your mood to improving your sex life, find out how exercise can improve your life. The health benefits of regular exercise and physical activity are hard to ignore. Everyone benefits from exercise, no matter their age, sex or physical ability. Exercise controls weight Exercise can help prevent excess weight gain or help you keep off lost weight. Regular exercise helps prevent or manage many health problems and concerns, including: Stroke.
[7] Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Exercise: What's the Difference? - WebMD — Health Benefits of Aerobic Exercise One of the main benefits of aerobic exercise is the impact it has on your cardiovascular health. This kind of exercise makes your heart and lungs stronger and
[8] Aerobic vs anaerobic exercise training effects on the cardiovascular ... — Physical exercise is one of the most effective methods to help prevent cardiovascular (CV) disease and to promote CV health. Aerobic and anaerobic exercises are two types of exercise that differ based on the intensity, interval and types of muscle fibers incorporated. In this article, we aim to furt …
[14] Exercise and the Brain: The Neuroscience of Fitness Explored — These chemicals play an essential role in mood regulation, mental alertness, and focus, potentially explaining why physical activity is often associated with reduced symptoms of depression and anxiety. Regular physical activity also improves sleep quality, a critical factor in brain health. Enhanced sleep quality allows for better memory
[38] Historical Background and Evolution of Physical Activity ... — Historical Background and Evolution of Physical Activity Recommendations <B>Error processing SSI file</B><BR> The chapter focuses on Western (i.e., Greco-Roman) history, because of the near-linear development of physical activity promotion across those times and cultures leading to current American attitudes and guidelines regarding physical activity. As the neolithic Agricultural Revolution allowed more people to live in larger group settings and cities, and as the specialization of occupations reduced the amount and intensity of work-related physical activities, various healers and philosophers began to stress that long life and health depended on preventing illnesses through proper diet, nutrition, and physical activity. Though less directly concerned with physical health than with social and religious attainment, physical activity played a key role in other ancient non-Greco-Roman cultures.
[39] A Brief History Of Physical Fitness - Physical Culture Study — The Chinese began to recognize the importance of physical activity sometime between 2500-250 B.C. Physical inactivity was linked to poor health, internal stoppages and organ malfunctions. To encourage more physical activity, Chinese teachers, such as Confucius, included words of encouragement in their teachings.
[42] The Evolution of the Physical Activity Field: Journal of Physical ... — In the latter half of the 20th century, it became clear that physical inactivity is one of the major public health problems in the world. This prompted numerous organizations and governments to issue recommendations for increasing physical activity in the population. The United States now has official governmental guidelines for physical activity.
[43] Future directions in physical activity intervention research: expanding ... — Conclusions The purpose of this paper was to summarize the literature and provide recommendations for three emerging areas of physical activity intervention research. These areas included interventions targeting sedentary behavior, technology-based physical activity interventions, and the dissemination of efficacious physical activity
[44] Promoting physical activity in a public health context - PMC — Steven Blair, known worldwide for his research on PA, aerobic fitness, and health refers to the physical inactivity pandemic as the "biggest public health problem of the 21st Century". 3 This concern is mirrored by a recent report highlighting global increases in overweight and obesity and the impact on increased mortality and disability
[45] Nearly 1.8 billion adults at risk of disease from not doing enough ... — The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that adults have 150 minutes of moderate-intensity, or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity, or equivalent, per week. "These new findings highlight a lost opportunity to reduce cancer and heart disease, and improve mental health and well-being through increased physical activity," said Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, WHO Director-General. "These new findings highlight a lost opportunity to reduce cancer and heart disease, and improve mental health and well-being through increased physical activity," said Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, WHO Director-General. Study: National, regional, and global trends in insufficient physical activity among adults from 2000 to 2022 (Lancet Global Health)
[46] WHO highlights high cost of physical inactivity in first-ever global report — Data from 194 countries show that overall, progress is slow and that countries need to accelerate the development and implementation of policies to increase levels of physical activity and thereby prevent disease and reduce burden on already overwhelmed health care systems. The benefits are huge, not only for the physical and mental health of individuals, but also for societies, environments, and economies...” said Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, WHO Director-General, “We hope countries and partners will use this report to build more active, healthier, and fairer societies for all.” The report calls for countries to prioritize physical activity as key to improving health and tackling NCDs, integrate physical activity into all relevant policies, and develop tools, guidance and training to improve implementation.
[55] Understanding physical activity from a cultural-contextual lens — Beliefs and practices surrounding physical activity are influenced by a variety of cultural and contextual factors. Providing culturally relevant contexts to the meaning of physical activity allows opportunities for improving policies or programs that would engage individuals and communities in physical activity in culturally meaningful ways
[56] The Role of Sports in Ancient Greece and Rome — Sports played a significant role in the societies of ancient Greece and Rome, reflecting their values, religious practices, and social structures. From the Olympic Games to gladiatorial contests, these athletic events were more than mere entertainment—they were deeply woven into the cultural fabric of their respective civilizations.
[57] Leisure and Entertainment in Ancient Rome - World History Edu — Roman athletics were deeply intertwined with military preparation, cultural values, and public entertainment. While the Romans admired the Greek emphasis on individual athletic excellence, their own approach was more utilitarian, focusing on physical fitness to prepare men for war. ... (exercise fields) of Roman baths. These sports helped build
[59] A Brief Introduction to Ancient Sports in China - China Daily — Ancient relics that have been un-earthed indicate that people in China 4,000 to 10,000 years ago already knew how to do physical exercises to limber up themselves. Such physical activities as shejian (shooting arrows) and juding (lifting metal tripods) which were carried out as far back as in the Western Zhou Dynasty (c 1,066- 771 BC) may well
[61] Strategies for Physical Activity Through Community Design — To increase physical activity, state and local organizations can support strategies to improve community design. Use data on health conditions, health behaviors, and local capacity to support policies and plans for activity-friendly community design*. Collaborate with partners to support new or improved plans and policies, activity-friendly districts, and/or other activities to create activity-friendly communities.+ Examples include: Systems: Increase bicycle, pedestrian, and transit (where applicable) network connectivity and access, park coverage and accessibility, and incentives for activity-friendly project evaluation or supportive land development, such as plans to address vacant lots or deteriorated areas. Helps committed, cross-sector teams create an action plan to improve community environments that promote physical activity and meet the needs of their community. These communities support physical activity through community design by supporting activity friendly routes to everyday destinations.
[81] Emerging Technology in Promoting Physical Activity and Health ... — This special issue aimed to occupy a broadly positive stance toward interactive technology initiatives and, while discussing some negative implications of an increased use of technology, offered practical recommendations for promoting PA through various emerging technologies, including but not limited to: exergaming (active video games); social media; mobile device apps; health wearables; mobile games, augmented reality games, global positioning and geographic information systems (GPS/GIS); and virtual reality. These studies attempted to: (1) examine effects of exergaming on children’s PA and health outcomes; (2) explore the benefits of applying mobile apps, wearable devices and social media; (3) test the validity of activity monitors in assessing PA in various settings; (4) investigate the relationships among environmental factors and sedentary behaviors; (5) explore the application of augmented reality and virtual reality games in real-world settings; and (6) provide directions for future research and practice in the promotion of PA and health through emerging technology.
[83] The Power of Physical Activity: Latest Advances in Exercise — 3. Prescribed Exercise Gets a Boost. In October 2024, the Scottish Government revealed an evaluation of the Physical Activity Referral Scheme (PARS), emphasizing its success in integrating prescribed exercise into healthcare settings. The program connects medical professionals with community exercise providers, allowing patients with chronic conditions like obesity, cardiovascular disease, and
[84] Wearable Health Technology: How Devices Are Shaping Fitness Trends — In recent years, wearable health technology has transformed the way we approach fitness and health management. These devices, which include fitness trackers, smartwatches, and health monitoring gadgets, have revolutionized how individuals track their physical activity, monitor vital signs, and set personal fitness goals.
[86] Advancing Real-World Applications: A Scoping Review on Emerging ... — Wearable technologies, including smartwatches, fitness trackers, and other sensor-based devices, offer the potential to revolutionize the monitoring of ADLs (Ahmed et al., 2024).These devices provide continuous data on movement, heart rate, and other vital signs, offering healthcare providers valuable insights into an individual's physical function without the need for constant clinical
[88] Mobile applications, physical activity, and health promotion — Our study addresses this gap by investigating how mobile applications promote physical activity and fitness goals, focusing on their impact on user engagement, the effectiveness of key app features in maintaining or improving exercise levels, and the role of loyalty mechanisms in long-term adherence. The interview script (available in the Supplementary Materials) was constructed considering the existing literature and the specific objectives of our research: (1) Identify the motivations to use mobile applications in exercise monitoring (SO 1); and (2) Identify the best strategy to retain app users, ensure the sustainability of the application and thus enhance the probability of being physically active (SO 2). This study employs a qualitative-interpretative approach using semi-structured open-ended interviews to explore how health and fitness apps promote physical activity and retain users.
[89] Effectiveness of Mobile Applications Running on Smartphones to Promote ... — Mobile applications reach a high number of individuals at low costs. This systematic review investigated the effectiveness of mobile application-based interventions to increase physical activity (PA) and self-efficacy and to decrease sedentarism. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs in …
[90] Can Smartphone Apps Increase Physical Activity? Systematic ... - PubMed — Physical activity app effectiveness did not appear to differ on the basis of target population. Conclusions: This meta-analysis provides modest evidence supporting the effectiveness of smartphone apps to increase physical activity. To date, apps have been most effective in the short term (eg, up to 3 months).
[122] Physical Activity Is Good for the Mind and the Body - Health — Physical Activity Is Good for the Mind and the Body - News & Events | odphp.health.gov Physical activity has many well-established mental health benefits. Compounding all of this, mental health disorders like depression and anxiety can affect people’s ability to take part in health-promoting behaviors, including physical activity. For youth, sports offer additional avenues to more physical activity and improved mental health. Along with preventing diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, and the additional risks associated with these comorbidities, physical activity’s positive effect on mental health is yet another important reason to be active and Move Your Way. As for me… I think it’s time for a walk.
[124] Physical activity - World Health Organization (WHO) — Select language Donate Donate Home Health Topics All topics A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Resources Fact sheets Facts in pictures Multimedia Podcasts Publications Questions and answers Tools and toolkits Popular Dengue Endometriosis Excessive heat Herpes Mental disorders Mpox Countries All countries A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Regions Africa Americas Europe Eastern Mediterranean South-East Asia Western Pacific WHO in countries Data by country Country presence Country strengthening Country cooperation strategies Newsroom All news News releases Statements Campaigns Events Feature stories Press conferences Speeches Commentaries Photo library Headlines Emergencies Focus on Cholera Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Greater Horn of Africa Israel and occupied Palestinian territory Mpox Sudan Ukraine Latest Disease Outbreak News Situation reports Weekly Epidemiological Record WHO in emergencies Surveillance Operations Research Funding Partners Health emergency appeals International Health Regulations Independent Oversight and Advisory Committee Data Data at WHO Data hub Global Health Estimates Mortality Health inequality Dashboards Triple Billion Progress Health Inequality Monitor Delivery for impact COVID-19 dashboard Data collection Classifications SCORE Surveys Civil registration and vital statistics Routine health information systems Harmonized health facility assessment GIS centre for health Reports World Health Statistics UHC global monitoring report About WHO About WHO Partnerships Committees and advisory groups Collaborating centres Technical teams Organizational structure Who we are Our work Activities Initiatives General Programme of Work WHO Academy Funding Investment in WHO WHO Foundation Accountability External audit Financial statements Internal audit and investigations Programme Budget Results reports Governance Governing bodies World Health Assembly Executive Board Member States Portal Home/ Newsroom/ Fact sheets/ Detail/ Physical activity Physical activity 26 June 2024 Key facts Regular physical activity provides significant physical and mental health benefits. Overview WHO defines physical activity as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure. Physical activity refers to all movement including during leisure time, for transport to get to and from places, or as part of a person’s work or domestic activities. Physical activity is beneficial to health and well-being and conversely, physical inactivity increases risk for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and other poor health outcomes. People who are insufficiently active have a 20% to 30% increased risk of death compared to people who are sufficiently active.
[125] Exercise: 7 benefits of regular physical activity - Mayo Clinic — From boosting your mood to improving your sex life, find out how exercise can improve your life. The health benefits of regular exercise and physical activity are hard to ignore. Everyone benefits from exercise, no matter their age, sex or physical ability. Exercise controls weight Exercise can help prevent excess weight gain or help you keep off lost weight. Regular exercise helps prevent or manage many health problems and concerns, including: Stroke.
[126] Benefits of Physical Activity | Physical Activity Basics | CDC — Benefits of Physical Activity Health Benefits of Physical Activity Health Benefits of Physical Activity Physical Activity Basics Guidelines and Recommendations Measure Physical Activity Intensity Older Adults: Adding Activity Benefits of Physical Activity Overcoming Barriers Health Benefits of Physical Activity Places to Be Physically Active View All Adults who sit less and do any amount of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity gain some health benefits. Getting at least 150 minutes a week of moderate physical activity can put you at a lower risk for these diseases. Physically active middle-aged or older adults have a lower risk of functional limitations than people who are inactive. Health Benefits Associated with Physical Activity for People with Chronic Conditions and Disabilities Health Benefits of Physical Activity
[130] Exercise reorganizes the brain to be more resilient to stress — A research team based at Princeton University found that physical activity reorganizes the brain so that its response to stress is reduced and anxiety is less likely to interfere with normal brain ... The anxiety-reducing effect of exercise was canceled out when the researchers blocked the GABA receptor that calms neuron activity in the ventral
[131] Effects of physical exercise on anxiety, depression, and sensitivity to ... — Effects of physical exercise on anxiety, depression, and ... Jacobson, and Quirk (1996) correlated perceived life stress with low levels of physical activity, after controlling for major life change and ... stressors activate brain norepinephrine systems in animals and acutely deplete brain levels of norepinephrine. When stress is chronic
[132] Can exercise help treat anxiety? - Harvard Health — Evidence shows engaging in any sort of physical activity is one of the best ways to ease symptoms of anxiety. Regular activity is best, but even a single bout can help. ... Getting your heart rate up changes brain chemistry, ... which further lowers stress and anxiety. While scientific studies are important, you don't need to consult a chart
[133] Effects of Exercise and Physical Activity on Anxiety - PMC — Adults who engage in regular physical activity experience fewer depressive and anxiety symptoms, thus supporting the notion that exercise offers a protective effect against the development of mental disorders (van Minnen et al., 2010). A number of research studies have pointed to the effectiveness of short-term aerobic exercise to reduce anxiety sensitivity (Broman-Fulks and Storey, 2008; Smits et al., 2008; Ströhle et al., 2009). In a study examining the relationship between exercise intensity and self-efficacy effects on anxiety reduction in a non-clinical population, researchers found that the influence of self-efficacy on decreased anxiety was exhibited in the moderate intensity exercise group, but not in the light- and high-intensity exercise groups (Katula et al., 1999). Exercise and cognitively based distraction techniques were shown to have equal effectiveness at reducing state anxiety, however exercise was more effective in reducing trait anxiety (Petruzzello et al., 1991).
[134] Working out boosts brain health - American Psychological Association (APA) — Working out boosts brain health. A growing body of research suggests physical fitness is one way to boost brain health — and that a regular exercise routine can decrease the effects of stress on the body, improve mental health and mood, and even enhance memory and cognition. Exercise can boost mental health Along with mitigating the negative effects of chronic stress on the mind and body, habitual exercise can improve mental health. It's been proven that physical activity can improve brain functions like memory and cognition both immediately after a workout and in the long-term. Many studies have found that physically active elderly people perform better than sedentary elderly people on cognitive tasks such as reasoning, vocabulary, memory and reaction time.
[135] Effects of Physical Exercise on Cognitive Functioning and Wellbeing ... — Many evidences demonstrated that physical exercise (PE) affects brain plasticity, influencing cognition and wellbeing (Weinberg and Gould, 2015; for review see Fernandes et al., 2017). Most of the research on the relationship between PE and positive changes in mood state has evidenced positive effects, especially as a consequence of aerobic exercise, regardless of the specific type of activity (Knapen et al., 2009), even if the correct intensity of aerobic PE to control and reduce symptoms is debated (de Souza Moura et al., 2015). Robust literature demonstrated that chronic aerobic exercise is associated with potent structural and functional neuroplastic changes, with an improvement in cognitive functions (Colcombe et al., 2006; Hillman et al., 2008; Erickson et al., 2009; Mandolesi et al., 2017) and increased feeling of general wellbeing (Berger and Tobar, 2011; Biddle et al., 2011) (Table 4).
[137] Exercise Physiology - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf — The sympathetic nervous system is activated during exercise, resulting in an integrated response that helps maintain an appropriate level of homeostasis to meet the increased demand in cellular metabolism. Muscular adaptations to exercise involve changes in muscle fiber composition and function driven by the specific demands of physical activity. Muscles adapt to increasing loads over time through exercise training, resulting in muscle fiber hypertrophy and increased muscle diameter and volume. Muscle contraction during exercise activates adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, increasing glucose uptake through the translocation of glucose transporter type 4 vesicles into working myocytes. Exercise-induced increase in muscle insulin sensitivity. Review Orthostatic testing for heart rate and heart rate variability monitoring in exercise science and practice.[Eur J Appl Physiol.
[143] Physical activity, exercise, and mental disorders: it is time to move ... — International guidelines for treating mental disorders have begun to incorporate the available scientific evidence and propose that physical activity and exercise should be integrated into mental health care.46-49 For example, the European Psychiatric Association’s guidelines on the promotion of physical activity in people with mental illness state that there is considerable empirical evidence supporting the use of physical activity interventions in treating major depressive disorder and schizophrenia spectrum disorders.7 Also, the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists’ clinical practice guidelines for mood disorders propose that exercise should be incorporated as a routine care treatment even before pharmacotherapy or psychotherapy.49 The latest version of the Brazilian Medical Association’s guidelines on the treatment of depression, published back in 2009,50 does not mention the use of exercise or physical activity in the treatment of depression; however, exercise is listed in a separate guideline of nonpharmacological treatments.46 Currently, there is a plethora of evidence supporting the beneficial effects of physical activity and exercise in people with a range of mental disorders.51 These benefits are, for some diagnoses, extended beyond the core diagnostic symptoms, including improvements in cognitive symptoms and quality of life.51
[169] Barriers to Physical Activity - Physiopedia — It a 21-item measure assessing the following barriers to physical activity: 1) lack of time, 2) social influence, 3) lack of energy, 4) lack of willpower, 5) fear of injury, 6) lack of skill, and 7) lack of resources (eg, recreational facilities, exercise equipment). Each domain contains 3 items, with a total score range of 0 to 63.
[171] Barriers to Physical Activity - Physiopedia — Barriers to Physical Activity - Physiopedia In a 2013 study that aimed to identify the external and internal barriers to physical activity and exercise participation among middle-aged and elderly individuals the most common external barriers among the middle-aged and elderly respondents were 'not enough time', 'no one to exercise with' and 'lack of facilities'. Identifying barriers to physical activity[edit | edit source] It a 21-item measure assessing the following barriers to physical activity: 1) lack of time, 2) social influence, 3) lack of energy, 4) lack of willpower, 5) fear of injury, 6) lack of skill, and 7) lack of resources (eg, recreational facilities, exercise equipment). Barriers to participation in physical activity and exercise among middle-aged and elderly individuals.
[172] What Are the Major Barriers to Fitness and Exercise — One of the major barriers to fitness and exercise is the lack of time. Busy work schedules, family obligations, and other responsibilities often leave individuals with little time or energy to devote to physical activity.
[175] Perceived barriers to physical activity in the social spaces of low ... — Perceived barriers to physical activity in the social spaces of low socioeconomic status suburbs - ScienceDirect Perceived barriers to physical activity in the social spaces of low socioeconomic status suburbs Equal access to physical activity requires removal of social and personal barriers. We investigated perceived barriers to physical activity and their associations with social background factors within the theoretical framework of social space. Perceiving personal barriers, as opposed to environmental barriers, was characterised by retirement, low household income, low physical activity level and domestic native language. The results support the following deduction: to reduce inequalities in access to physical activity, policies should focus on sports service delivery that aims at the removal of barriers to physical activity, especially social and personal barriers.
[182] Policy Opportunities to Increase Physical Activity in Communities — Improve access to recreational facilities by establishing joint-use agreements, partnering with centers to extend hours, providing public transportation, and exploring incentives to promote affordable and free physical activity opportunities.
[183] Strategies for Access to Places for Physical Activity — Overview Communities can use this strategy to create or enhance access to places for physical activity. Places can include public parks and trails, fitness and recreational facilities, schools and universities, malls, senior centers, and worksites. This strategy includes providing information to encourage people to use the places.
[184] Developing community-based physical activity interventions and ... — The Grade 5 ACT-i-Pass Program is a community-based physical activity intervention originally developed for London, Ontario, Canada that offers children in grade 5 free organized and drop-in activities at participating recreational facilities for the school year .
[185] 10.6: Enhancing Social Support and Social Influences — There is a wide variety of strategies for using social support from others or peers to promote physical activity and many of these approaches appear successful (Heath et al., 2012). Some of these strategies may be promoting interactions through physical activity groups, buddy systems, group discussions, and phone networks (Heath et al., 2012).
[186] Strategies for Social Supports | Physical Activity | CDC — Social supports provide supportive social networks, friendships, and activities that can help people start, maintain, or increase physical activity. Social supports include buddy systems and walking or other activity groups. Individuals, organizations, and communities can use social supports to help people of all ages and abilities be physically active together. Walking or other activity groups Walking or other activity groups provide individuals with support and a shared experience of being physically active. Using approaches appropriate for people with disabilities or chronic conditions creates opportunities for them to participate in physical activity. Walking or other activity groups *Can be used to help address equitable and inclusive access to physical activity for all Americans. See strategies, data, and resources to increase physical activity in states and communities.
[187] Social support and physical activity: does general health matter? — Exploration of additional factors is needed to inform development of physical activity interventions for older adults that will lead to durable treatment effects. The positive influence of social support on physical activity is well studied. Social support has been found to promote self-efficacy, which in turn encourages physical activity .
[208] Building Evidence, Building Community: The Physical Activity Policy ... — Background. Regular physical activity is an essential action people can take to improve their health (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2018). Despite well-established benefits, only 1 in 4 U.S. adults meet the combined aerobic and muscle-strengthening physical activity guidelines (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).
[209] Associations between Community Programs and Policies and Children's ... — Background: Community initiatives to promote physical activity in children are common, but evidence supporting their effectiveness is limited. Objectives: To examine the relationships between community programs and policies and children's physical activity in a large and diverse sample of U.S. communities. Methods:
[210] Physical Activity-Friendly Policies and Community Design Features in ... — This nationally representative survey of municipalities documented the prevalence of policy and community design supports for physical activity and identified differences by geographic and sociodemographic characteristics (6–9). Prevalence of zoning code for mixed land use, by educational attainment of US municipalities, from the Community-Based Survey of Supports for Healthy Eating and Active Living (CBS HEAL) (5), 2014 and 2021. Prevalence increased for some zoning codes and design standards supportive of physical activity and decreased for shared use agreements and some parks and outdoor recreation policies. US municipalities can consider adopting activity-friendly zones, parks and outdoor recreation policies and budgets, design standards, Complete Streets policies, and shared use agreements to improve access to safe environments for physical activity for people of all ages and abilities.
[211] PDF — for implementing evidence-based policies to increase physical activity. Best practices that inform the implementation of these strategies are also needed to support communities and states. Since 2004, CDC has supported thematic research networks focused on physical activity policy as part of the Prevention Research Centers (PRC) program.
[212] Strategies for Physical Activity Through Community Design — To increase physical activity, state and local organizations can support strategies to improve community design. Use data on health conditions, health behaviors, and local capacity to support policies and plans for activity-friendly community design*. Collaborate with partners to support new or improved plans and policies, activity-friendly districts, and/or other activities to create activity-friendly communities.+ Examples include: Systems: Increase bicycle, pedestrian, and transit (where applicable) network connectivity and access, park coverage and accessibility, and incentives for activity-friendly project evaluation or supportive land development, such as plans to address vacant lots or deteriorated areas. Helps committed, cross-sector teams create an action plan to improve community environments that promote physical activity and meet the needs of their community. These communities support physical activity through community design by supporting activity friendly routes to everyday destinations.
[213] Physical Activity-Friendly Policies and Community Design Features in ... — Opportunities for physical activity can be enhanced through policy and community design interventions (3). Municipalities with these policies are situated to cultivate activity-friendly environments, the benefits of which may extend beyond personal health to a stronger local economy, cleaner air quality, and greater community development (4).
[214] Family and Community Engagement | Physical Activity | Healthy Schools | CDC — Family and community engagement in physical activity means that parents, school staff, out-of-school time providers, and community members are working together to increase opportunities for physical activity before, during, and after the school day to improve the learning, development, and health of children and adolescents. 1-5 School physical activity programs are more successful when
[215] 7 Ways to Promote Fitness in Your Community - HealthCarter — Provide educational resources and workshops to parents and caregivers on the importance of physical activity for child development and well-being. Engaging families and young people in fitness activities while educating them about its benefits can aid in building a healthy and well-aware community. Utilize social media and Local Media Outlets
[216] Physical Activity: Family-Based Interventions - Health — The Community Preventive Services Task Force recommends family-based interventions to increase physical activity in children. These interventions combine activities to build family support with health education. The interventions include 1 or more of the following: Goal-setting tools and tracking progress Reinforcement of positive health behaviors Organized physical activity sessions
[222] Environmental and Policy Approaches to Increase Physical Activity ... — The Community Preventive Services Task Force (CPSTF) findings and recommendations for "Environmental and Policy Approaches to Increase Physical Activity: Creation of or Enhanced Access to Places for Physical Activity Combined with Informational Outreach Activities" are based on systematic reviews of evidence of effectiveness and economic impact.
[225] Strategies for Physical Activity Through Community Design — To increase physical activity, state and local organizations can support strategies to improve community design. Use data on health conditions, health behaviors, and local capacity to support policies and plans for activity-friendly community design*. Collaborate with partners to support new or improved plans and policies, activity-friendly districts, and/or other activities to create activity-friendly communities.+ Examples include: Systems: Increase bicycle, pedestrian, and transit (where applicable) network connectivity and access, park coverage and accessibility, and incentives for activity-friendly project evaluation or supportive land development, such as plans to address vacant lots or deteriorated areas. Helps committed, cross-sector teams create an action plan to improve community environments that promote physical activity and meet the needs of their community. These communities support physical activity through community design by supporting activity friendly routes to everyday destinations.
[243] Progress and Future Directions on Physical Activity Research Among ... — In this issue, several studies utilize longitudinal designs to address their research questions.14–17 These designs will help provide a stronger evidence base and direction for future public health guidelines around youth physical activity. Another use of surveillance data comes from the Mark et al27 study, that used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data to explore the association of physical activity with adiposity. The dose and type of physical activity required to produce health benefits vary across outcomes.1 The science to support future work, and to further enhance physical activity guidelines,2, 3 would be strengthened by integrating longitudinal study designs, considering the generalizabiltiy and diversity of the populations and contexts under study, exploring dose response relationships, integrating theory into studies, and fostering surveillance.
[246] Future directions in physical activity intervention research: expanding ... — Future directions in physical activity intervention research: expanding our focus to sedentary behaviors, technology, and dissemination - PMC It is an exciting time for physical activity research given evolving technology for intervening upon PA, a new focus on novel behavioral targets (e.g., sedentary behavior), and increased attention on scaling evidence-based interventions for maximal public health impact. A recent meta-analysis examined the effect of interventions on both physical activity and sedentary behavior (Prince et al., 2014). One study found that older adults (n = 41) randomized to a nurse-delivered intervention based on social cognitive theory reduced their sedentary time by 68 min per day (based on step counts on a pedometer and _activ_PAL) relative to the controls (Mutrie et al., 2012).
[248] Overcoming barriers to physical activity in underserved populations — There is compelling evidence suggesting underserved populations, including racial/ethnic minorities and individuals with low socioeconomic status, are less likely to partake in sufficient amounts of physical activity (PA) at recommended levels. Communities of color and low-income individuals face institutional, societal, and environmental barriers that may prevent them from achieving adequate
[249] Cultural relevance of physical activity intervention research with ... — We found strategies to enhance cultural relevance of interventions as soliciting input from population members, linking intervention content with values, addressing language and literacy challenges, incorporating population media figures, using culturally relevant forms of physical activity, and addressing specific population linked barriers to
[253] Emerging Technology in Promoting Physical Activity and Health ... — This special issue aimed to occupy a broadly positive stance toward interactive technology initiatives and, while discussing some negative implications of an increased use of technology, offered practical recommendations for promoting PA through various emerging technologies, including but not limited to: exergaming (active video games); social media; mobile device apps; health wearables; mobile games, augmented reality games, global positioning and geographic information systems (GPS/GIS); and virtual reality. These studies attempted to: (1) examine effects of exergaming on children’s PA and health outcomes; (2) explore the benefits of applying mobile apps, wearable devices and social media; (3) test the validity of activity monitors in assessing PA in various settings; (4) investigate the relationships among environmental factors and sedentary behaviors; (5) explore the application of augmented reality and virtual reality games in real-world settings; and (6) provide directions for future research and practice in the promotion of PA and health through emerging technology.
[254] Harnessing Generative Artificial Intelligence for Exercise and ... - MDPI — Regular physical activity plays a critical role in health promotion and athletic performance, necessitating personalized exercise and training prescriptions. While traditional methods rely on expert assessments, artificial intelligence (AI), particularly generative AI models such as ChatGPT and Google Gemini, has emerged as a potential tool for enhancing personalization and scalability in
[255] The Evolution of Technology and Physical Inactivity: The Good, the Bad ... — Indeed, the overall reduction in physical activity, irrespective of the cause, as well as the increase in the prevalence of sedentary behaviours are strongly associated with the development of one of the most serious health epidemics people have faced, the obesity epidemic, which can also be described as a syndemic as the risk of obesity is higher in those from low-socioeconomic status (SES) and pre-existing inequities and social determinants of health (7, 8). Increasing enjoyment of exercise through technology can lead to greater adoption of physical activity and better health outcomes and improved well-being, that in turn will assist in promoting the UN SDG #3. Short term studies have indicated strong efficacy and enjoyment of a variety of technology platforms (accelerometers, phone applications, online interventions) targeting increases in physical activity and improvements in a variety of health parameters (38, 45, 46). 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.08.035 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]